Inuktitut

Inuktitut is an Eskimo-Aleut language. It's the official language of Nunavut (its flag is beautiful). It has loads of dialects, and is, alas, an endangered speech, unlike Greenlandic which is thriving. In Nunavut, Inuit children talk English most of the time - and that's always a sign of a dying language.
What amazed me in Inuktitut is its morphology. The wikipedia article is quite interesting.

The Myth : I used to be told that the 'Eskimos' had a lot of words to describe ice, white and snow and that they were a good example of how deeply a language is linked with natural environement. Well, it's true...but not entirely.
Let's take the word ice :
siku : ice
illaujait : dark ice, dangerous ice
immatinniq : melted ice
sikuliaq : new sea ice
qunquq : white reflection of floating ice
(...)
Loads of words for 'ice', yes. But the word in Inuktitut isn't the same as the English word. Inuktitut is a polysynthetic language : its words are made with morphemes (i.e. warcraft -> 2 morphemes). Thence, a whole English sentence can be said with a single Inuktitut word.
So in Inuktitut, there is a lot of words to talk about ice, snow or white, but not because Inuits live surrounded by snow and ice, but because their language is polysynthetic.
(You can made hundreds of words to describe pebbles, honey, shoes, sharks, computers...A word would be enough to say 'a-computer-which-purrs-like-an-angry-ginger-cat' *winks*)


Various links :
=> Excellent dictionary